TMK: Tomakomai Flux Research Site
General site details
| Site name | Tomakomai Flux Research Site |
|---|---|
| AsiaFlux site code | TMK |
| Location | Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan |
| Position | 42º 44' 13.1" N,141º 31' 7.1" E (World Geodetic System 1984) |
| Elevation | 140 m above sea level (World Geodetic System 1984) |
| Slope | 1-2 deg |
| Terrain type | Flat |
| Area | 117 ha |
| Fetch | 300-800 m |
| Climate | Cool temperate |
| Mean annual air temperature | 6.2 degC (2001-2003) |
| Mean annual precipitation | 1043 mm (2001-2003) |
| Vegetation type | Japanese larch forest |
| Dominant Species (Overstory) | Japanese larch (Larix Kaempferi Sarg.), Birch (Betula ermanii and Betula platyphylla), Japanese elm (Ulmus japonica),Spruce (Picea jezoensis) |
| Dominant Species (Understory) | Fern (Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Dryopteris austriaca) and Pachysandra terminalis |
| Canopy height | 15 m |
| Age | About 45 years old (Larch trees were planted in 1955-1959.) |
| LAI | 9.2 m2 m-2 (Overstory: 5.6 m2 m-2, Understory: 3.6 m2 m-2) (maximum) |
| Soil type | Volcanogenous regosol |
Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
| System | Open- and closed-path systems (CO2 flux, latent heat flux) |
|---|---|
| Wind speed | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer-thermometer (DA600-3TV (Probe TR-61C), KAIJO) |
| Air temperature | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer-thermometer (DA600-3TV (Probe TR-61C), KAIJO) |
| Water vapor | Open- and Closed-path CO2/H2O analyzers (LI-7500 and LI-6262, LI-COR) |
| CO2 | Open- and Closed-path CO2/H2O analyzers (LI-7500 and LI-6262, LI-COR) |
| Measurement height | 27 and 42 m |
| Sampling frequency | 10 Hz |
| Averaging time | 30 min |
| Data logger | DRM3a, TEAC, Japan |
| Data storage | MO |
| Original data | Raw data |
Meteorology
| Observation items | Levels/Depth | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Global solar radiation(incoming) | 41, 18, 14, 5, 1.5 (six points) m 40, 18, 1.5 m | Pyranometer (MS-601, Eko, Japan) Radiometer (MR40, Eko, Japan) |
| Global solar radiation (outgoing) | 40, 18, 1.5 m | Radiometer (MR-40, Eko, Japan) |
| Long-wave radiation(incoming) | 40, 18, 1.5 m | Radiometer (MR-40, Eko, Japan) |
| Long-wave radiation(outgoing) | 40, 18, 1.5 m | Radiometer (MR-40, Eko, Japan) |
| Net radiation | 40, 18, 1.5 m | Radiometer (MR-40, Eko, Japan) |
| PPFD (incoming) | 40, 18, 5, 1.5 (three points) m | Quantum sensor (LI-190S, LI-COR) |
| PPFD (outgoing) | 40 m | Quantum sensor (LI-190S, LI-COR) |
| Air temperature | 40, 27, 22, 18, 14, 8, 5, 1.5 m | Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive hygrometer (HMP-45D, Vaisala) |
| Humidity | 40, 27, 22, 18, 14, 8, 5, 1.5 m | Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive hygrometer (HMP-45D, Vaisala) |
| Soil temperature | 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 m (three points) | Platinum resistance thermometer |
| Soil heat flux | 0.05 m (five points) | Heat flux plate (MF-81, Eko, Japan) TDR sensor (CS615, Campbell) |
| Soil water content | 0.05 (three points), 0.1 (two points) m | TDR sensor (CS615, Campbell) |
| Wind speed | 40, 27, 23, 18,14, 8.0, 5.0, 1.5 m | Sonic anemometer (MA-130A, Eko, Japan) |
| Wind direction | 40, 27, 23, 18,14, 8.0, 5.0, 1.5 m | Sonic anemometer (MA-130A, Eko, Japan) |
| Barometric pressure | 40, 18, 8, 5 m | Barometer (PTB100, Vaisala) |
| Precipitation | 41, 1.5 (three points) m | Tipping-bucket rainguage with heater (52 202, R. M. Young) |
| CO2 concentration | 41, 38, 32, 26, 22, 16, 12, 6, 3, 1 m | Closed-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-6262, LI-COR, USA) |
Other
| Soil respiration | Continuous (automated chambers) |
| Photosynthesis | Occasionally |
| Ecological investigation | Tree heights, stand density, diameter, biomass, LAI (1999, 2001, 2003) |
Observation Period and Data Availability
| Measurement Period | September 2000 to September 2004 |
|---|---|
| Measurement Frequency | Continuous |
| Data Availability | 2001-2003 in AsiaFlux Database |
Contact
Ryuichi Hirata (hirata.ryuichi [at] nies.go.jp)
Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Tel : +81-29-850-2202 Fax : +81-29-858-2645
http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/gem/moni-e/warm/flux/tomakomai_o.html
http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/gem/moni-e/warm/flux/tomakomai_n.html
[Flux] Ryuichi Hirata (hirata.ryuichi [at] nies.go.jp),
Nobuko Saigusa (n.saigusa [at] nies.go.jp)
[Isotope] Yoshiyuki Takahashi (yoshiyu [at] nies.go.jp)
[Soil respiration] Naishen Liang (liang [at] nies.go.jp)
Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
[Flux] Takashi Hirano (hirano [at] env.agr.hokudai.ac.jp)
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
Others
[Soil respiration, Photosynthesis] Takayoshi Koike
(tkoike[at] for.agr.hokudai.ac.jp), Hokkaido University
[Remote sensing] Hiroaki Oguma, Tomomi Takeda, Tatsuro Nakaji, CGER/NIES, Yasumitsu Yone, Shimane University
Infrastructure
Tower, Electrical power(AC)
Calibration Information
Open-path analyzers were calibrated approximately every two months with standard CO2 gases and a dew point generator (LI610, LI-COR).
The gain of CO2 of the closed-path analyzers was checked once a day by flowing two standard CO2 gases of 320 ppmv and 420 ppmv that were automatically controlled using a CR23X (Campbell).
Publication
【2008】
Flux/Synthesis analysis
Hirata, R., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Ohtani, Y., Ide, R., Asanuma, J., Gamo, M., Hirano, T., Kondo, H., Kosugi, Y., Li, S-G., Nakai, Y., Takagi, K., Tani, M., Wang, H. 2008 Spatial distribution of carbon balance in forest ecosystems across East Asia, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.016
Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Hirata, R., Ohtani, Y., Ide, R., Asanuma, J., Gamo, M., Hirano, T., Kondo, H., Kosugi, Y., Li, S-G., Nakai, Y., Takagi, K., Tani, M., Wang, H. 2008, Temporal and spatial variations in the seasonal patterns of CO2 flux in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests in East Asia, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.12.006
Soil respiration/Isotope
Takahashi, Y., Liang, N. 2008. Development of chamber-based sampling technique for determination of carbon stable isotope ratio of soil respired CO2 and evaluation of influence of CO2 enrichment in chamber headspace, Geochemical Journal. (accepted)
Takahashi, Y., Liang, N., Hirata, R., Machida, T., Fujinuma, Y. 2008. Variability in carbon stable isotope ratio of heterotrophic respiration in a deciduous needle-leaf forest, Journal of Geophysical Research- Biogeosciences. (accepted)
Proximal Remote Sensing
Nakaji, T., Ide, R., Takagi, K., Kosugi, Y., Ohkubo, S., Nishida, K., Saigusa, N., Oguma, H. 2008. Utility of spectral vegetation indices for estimation of light conversion efficiency in coniferous forests in Japan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.006
Takeda, T., Oguma, H., Sano, T., Yone, Y., Fujinuma, Y. 2008. Estimating the plant area density of a Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.) plantation using a ground-based laser scanner, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.10.004
【2007】
Flux
Hirata, R., Hirano, T., Saigusa, N., Fujinuma, Y., Inukai, K., Kitamori, Y., Yamamoto, S. 2007. Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchange of a temperate larch forest, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 147: 110-124.Kobayashi, N., Hiyama, T., Fukushima, Y., Lopez, M.L., Fujinuma, Y. 2007. Nighttime transpiration observed over a larch forest in Hokkaido, Japan, Water Resources Research, 43: W03407, doi:10.1029/2006WR005556.
Ono, K., Hirata, R., Mano, M., Miyata, A., Saigusa, N., Inoue, Y. 2007. Systematic differences in CO2 fluxes measured by open- and closed-path eddy covariance systems: Influence of air density fluctuations resulting from temperature and water vapor transfer, Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 63: 139-155. (in Japanese with English summary)
Proximal Remote SensingNakaji, T., Ide, R., Oguma, H., Saigusa, N., Fujinuma, Y. 2007. Utility of spectral vegetation index for estimation of gross CO2 flux under varied sky conditions, Remote Sensing of Environment, 109:274-284.
【2006】
Trace gas
Ieda, T., Kitamori, Y., Mochida, M., Hirata, R., Hirano, T., Inukai, K., Fujinuma, Y., Kawamura, K. 2006. Diurnal variations and vertical gradients of biogenic volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds at the Tomakomai larch forest station in Japan, Tellus, 58B: 177-186.
Flux/Modeling
Kishihara, Y., Ueyama, M., Hamotani, K., Monji, N. 2006. Vertical distribution of CO2 flux within and above a larch forest -Experimental and numerical approach-, Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 62: 9-14.
Flux/Modeling/Gap filling
Ooba, M., Hirano, T., Mogami, J., Hirata, R., Fujinuma, Y. 2006. Comparisons of gap-filling methods for carbon flux data set: a combination of a genetic algorithm and an artificial neural network, Ecological Modeling, 198:473-486.
Proximal Remote Sensing
Nakaji, T., Oguma, H., Fujinuma, Y. 2006. Seasonal changes in the relationship between photochemical reflectance index and photosynthetic light use efficiency of Japanese larch needles, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27:493-509.
【2005】
Flux
Hirata, R., Hirano, T., Mogami, J., Fujinuma, Y., Inukai, K., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S. 2005. CO2 flux measured by an open-path system over a larch forest during snow-covered season. Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae, 45: 347-351.Hirata, R., Hirano, T., Okada, K., Fujinuma, Y. Inukai, K., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S. 2005. Effects of wind speed and direction on eddy fluxes over a larch plantation, Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 60, 741-744.
Wang, H., Saigusa, H., Zu, Y., Yamamoto, S., Kondo, H., Yang, F., Wang, W., Hirano, T., Fujinuma, Y. 2005. Response of CO2 flux to environmental variables in two larch forest ecosystems in East Asia. Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae, 45: 339-346.
Photosynthesis
Liang, N., Fujinuma, Y., Inoue, G. 2005. Photosynthesis and respiration of Japanese larch -continuous measured with a multichannel automated chamber system-. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 60: 797-800
Wood respiration
Liang, N., Fujinuma, Y., Inoue, G. 2005. Measurement of wood CO2 efflux using a multichannel automated chamber system. Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae, 45: 109-115.
Leaf litter decomposition
Kim, H., Hirano, T., Koike, T., Urano, S. 2005. Contribution of litter CO2 production to total soil respiration in two different deciduous forests. Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae, 45: 385-388.
Kim, H., Hirano, T., Urano, S. 2005. Seasonal variation in CO2 production of leaf litter from different deciduous forests at the early decomposition stage, Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 61: 95-104.
Proximal Remote SensingTakeda, T., Oguma, H., Yone, Y. 2005. Comparison of leaf area density measured by laser range finder and stratified clipping method, Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae, 45: 505-510.
Yone, Y., Oguma, H., Yamagata, Y., Fujinuma, Y. 2005. Development of measurement system for evaluating forest ecosystems: Measurement method of aboveground biomass growth by using air borne laser survey, Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae, 45: 517-524.
Meteorology
Mogami, J., Hirano, T., Hirata, R., Kitaoka, S., Koike, T., Fujinuma, Y. 2005. Variation in Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density on a Larch Forest, Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 60: 1161-1163.
【2004】
Flux
Wang, H., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Kondo, H., Hirano, T., Toriyama, A., Fujinuma, F. 2004. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a larch forest in Hokkaido, Japan. Atmospheric Environment, 38: 7021-7032.
Soil respiration
Liang, N., Nakadai, T., Hirano, T., Qu, L., Koike, T., Fujinuma, Y., Inoue, G. 2004. In situ comparison of four approaches to estimating soil CO2 efflux in a northern larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.). Agricultural and Forest Metrology, 123: 97-117.
【2003】
Flux
Hirano, T., Hirata, R., Fujinuma, Y., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Harazono, Y., Takada, M., Inukai, K, Inoue, G. 2003. CO2 and water vapor exchange of a larch forest in northern Japan. Tellus. 55B: 244-257.Miura, M., Hirano, T., Hirata, R., Mogami, J., Inukai, K., Fujinuma. 2003. Effect of heat strage flux on energy balance in a Larch Forest. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 59: 245-250. (in Japanese with English summary)
【2002】
Flux
Nakai, Y., Saigusa, N., Hirano, T., Evans, R., Ohtani, Y., Hirata, R., Toriyama, A., Kitamura, K., Suzuki, S., Yamamoto, S. 2002. A field experiment in August 2002 for the comparison of eddy-flux systems between AsiaFlux and AmeriFlux. Journal of Japan Society Hydrology & Water Resources. 15, 665-672. (in Japanese) (Technical report)
Proximal Remote Sensing
Oguma, H., Tsuchida, S., Fujinuma, Y. 2002. The development of a hyper-spectral camera system for the forest monitoring, Journal of the.Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 22(5): 588-597 (in Japanese)
Omasa, K., Urano, Y., Oguma, H., Fujinuma, Y. 2002. Mapping of tree position of Larix leptolepis woods and estimation of diameter at breast height(DBH) and biomass of the trees using range data measured by a portable scanning lidar, Journal of the.Remote Sensing Society of Japan., 22(5): 550-557. (in Japanese)
Yone, Y., Oguma, H., Yamagata, Y. 2002. Development of measurement system for the carbon sinks under the Kyoto Protocol -Measurement of stem volume and carbon weight of Larix leptolepis stand by airborne lidar-, Journal of the.Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 22(5): 531-543. (in Japanese)