PSO: Pasoh Forest Reserve
General site details
| Site name | Pasoh Forest Reserve |
|---|---|
| AsiaFlux site code | PSO |
| Location | Negeri Sembilan, Peninsula Malaysia, Malaysia |
| Position | 2º 58' N, 102º 18' E |
| Elevation | 75-150 m above sea level |
| Slope | - |
| Terrain type | gentle hillslope |
| Area | 2450 ha (area of the Forest Reserve) |
| Fetch | 3500 m (north), 800 m (south) |
| Climate | Tropical rain, Af |
| Mean annual air temperature | 25.3 degreeC (2003-2009) |
| Mean annual precipitation | 1804mm (1983-1997), 1865mm(2003-2009) |
| Vegetation type | Primary lowland mixed dipterocarp forest (Tropical rain forest) |
| Dominant Species (Overstory) | Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, Burseraceae (814 species exits in the 50ha plot in PFR) |
| Dominant Species (Understory) | Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae |
| Canopy height | continuous canopy height is approximately 35m, emergent trees exceed 45m |
| Age | Primary forest |
| LAI | 6.52 |
| Soil type | Ultisols and Oxisols (Haplic Acrisol and Xanthic Ferralsol in FAO classification) |
Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
| System | Open-path system |
|---|---|
| Wind speed | Sonic anemometer thermometer (SAT550, KAIJO, Japan) |
| Air temperature | Sonic anemometer thermometer (SAT550, KAIJO, Japan) |
| Water vapor | Open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI7500, LICOR, USA) |
| CO2 | Open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI7500, LICOR, USA) |
| Measurement height | 54 m |
| Sampling frequency | 10 Hz |
| Averaging time | 30 min |
| Data logger | CR5000, Campbell, USA |
| Data storage | FC |
| Original data | Raw data |
Meteorology
| Observation items | Levels/Depth | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Global solar radiation(incoming) | 52 m 30,25,20,15,10,5,2 (m) | MR-22 Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1 (Kipp & Zonen) PCM-01 (PREDE, Japan) |
| Global solar radiation (outgoing) | 52 m 2 m | MR-22 Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1 (Kipp & Zonen) PCM-01 (PREDE, Japan) |
| Long-wave radiation(incoming) | 52 m | PIR (Epply, USA) Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1 (Kipp & Zonen) |
| Long-wave radiation(outgoing) | 52 m | PIR (Epply, USA) Backup: MR-40 (EKO, Japan) or CNR-1 (Kipp & Zonen) |
| Net radiation | - | |
| PPFD (incoming) | 52, 2 m 30,25,20,15,10,5 (m) | LI190 (LICOR, USA) PAR01(Prede, Japan) |
| PPFD (outgoing) | 52, 2 m | LI190 (LICOR, USA) |
| Direct / diffuse radiation | - | |
| Direct / diffuse PPFD | - | |
| Air temperature | 52,45,40, 30,20,10,5,1 (m) | HMP45 (VAISALA, Finland) |
| Humidity | 52,45,40, 30,20,10,5,1 (m) | HMP45 (VAISALA, Finland) |
| Soil temperature | 0.1, 0.02 m | Thermistor (107, Campbell, USA) |
| Soil heat flux | 0.01 m | PRF-01 (prede, Japan) |
| Soil water content | 0.01,0.02,0.03 (m) 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1m | CS515 or CS516 (Campbell, USA) Tensiometer (DIK3150, Daiki Rika, Japan) |
| Wind speed | 53.45 m | AC750 (MAKINO, Japan) |
| Wind direction | 54 m | SAT550, KAIJO, Japan |
| Barometric pressure | 50 m | PTB210 (VAISALA, Finland) |
| Precipitation | 53 m | Tipping bucket rain gauge (RT-5, Ikeda Keiki, Japan) |
| CO2 concentration | 53,45,30,20,10,5,2, 1, 0.5, 0.2 (m) | Automated profiling system (HT-CT-P; Hydrotech, Shiga, Japan) with a closed-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7000, LI-COR, USA) |
Other
| Soil respiration | Occasionally with closed dynamic chamber method (LI6262 or LI820, LICOR, USA) |
| Photosynthesis | Occasionally with LI-6400 (Li-cor) |
| Ecological investigation | DBH, Tree height, Above and below ground biomass, Gene diversity |
| Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes | Occasionally with closed static chamber method |
Observation Period and Data Availability
| Measurement Period | September 2002 to present |
|---|---|
| Measurement Frequency | Continuous |
| Data Availability | 2003-2009 in AsiaFlux Database |
Contact
Yoshiko Kosugi (ykosugi [at] kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp) Forest hydrology Graduate school agriculture, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan Tel:+81-75-753-6086 Fax:+81-75-753-6149 http://www.bluemoon.kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp/pasoh/index.html
Satoru Takanashi (tnsatoru [at] ffpri.affrc.go.jp) Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan Tel:+81-29-829-8242 Fax:+81-29-874-3720
Shinjiro Ohkubo (shinjiro [at] kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp) Forest hydrologyGraduate school agriculture, Kyoto UniversityKitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan Tel:+81-75-753-6149 Fax:+81-75-753-6149
Infrastructure
Tower, Canopy walk way, Electrical power (220V AC), Solar cell (24V DC)
Research Fund
Global Environment Research Fund B-3 (FY2000-2002) by Ministry of Environment, Japan Global Environment Research Fund S-1 (FY2003-2006) by Ministry of Environment, Japan Grants for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
Publication
Itoh, M., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Kanemitsu, S., Hayashi, Y., Osaka, K.,Tani, M., Abdul Rahim N.: Effects of soil water status on the spatial variation of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in tropical rain-forest soils in Peninsular Malaysia, Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28, 557-570, 2012, DOI:10.1017/S0266467412000569
Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Yokoyama, N., Philip, E., Kamakura, M.: Vertical variation in leaf gas exchange parameters for a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia, Journal of Plant Research, 125, 735-748, 2012, DOI:10.1007/s10265-012-0495-5
Makita, N., Kosugi, Y., Dannoura, M., Takanashi, S., Niiyama, K., Abdul Rahman K., Abdul Rahim N.: Patterns of root respiration rates and morphological traits in 13 tree species in a tropical forest, Tree Physiology, 32, 303-312, 2012, DOI:10.1093/treephys/tps008
Kamakura, M., Kosugi, Y., Nakagawa, R., Itoh, M.: Methane flux of leaves in a tropical rainforest and a temperate conifer forest, Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 68, 25-33, 2012, DOI:10.2480/agrmet.68.1.3
Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Tani, M., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Itoh, M., Noguchi, S., Abdul Rahim N.: Effect of inter-annual climate variability on evapotranspiration and canopy CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Forest Research, 17, 227-240, 2012, DOI 10.1007/s10310-010-0235-4
Kamakura, M., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Matsumoto, K., Okumura, M., Philip, E.: Patchy stomatal behavior during midday depression of leaf CO2 exchange in tropical trees. Tree Physiology, 31, 160-168, 2011 DOI: 10.1007/s10310-010-0235-4
Takanashi, S., Kosugi, Y., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Tani, M., Abdul Rahim, N: Water and heat fluxes above a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Hydrological Processes, 24, 472-480, 2010, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7499
Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Matsuo, N., Abdul Rahim, N: Midday depression of leaf CO2 exchange within the crown of Dipterocarpus sublamellatus in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Tree Physiology, 29, 505-515, 2009, DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn041
Saito, T., Yokouchi, Y., Kosugi, Y., Tani, M., E. Philip, and T. Okuda, Methyl chloride and isoprene emissions from tropical rain forest in Southeast Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19812, 2008, doi:10.1029/2008GL035241
Ohkubo, S., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi. S., Tani, M., Matsuo, N., Abdul Rahim, N.: Vertical profiles and storage fluxes of CO2, heat, and water in a tropical rainforest at Pasoh, Peninsular Malaysia, Tellus, 60B, 569-582, 2008, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00367.x
Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Hirata, R., Ohtani, Y, Ide, R., Asanuma, J., Gamo, M., Hirano, T., Kondo, H., Kosugi, Y., Li, S.G., Nakai, Y., Takagi, K., Tani. M., Wang, H.: Temporal and spatial variations in the seasonal patterns of CO2 flux in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests in East Asia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 700-713, 2008
Hirata, R., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Ohtani, Y., Ide, R., Asanuma, J., Gamo, M., Hirano, T., Kondo, H., Kosugi, Y., Nakai, Y., Takagi, K., Tani, M., Wang, H.: Spatial distribution of carbon balance in forest ecosystems across East Asia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 761-775, 2008
Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Ohkubo, S., Matsuo, N., Tani, M., Mitani, T., Tsutsumi, D, Abdul Rahim, N: CO2 exchange of a tropical rainforest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 439-452, 2008, DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.10.007
Kosugi, Y., Mitani, T., Itoh, M., Noguchi, S., Tani, M., Matsuo, N., Takanashi, S., Ohkubo, S., Abdul Rahim, N.: Spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration in a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 147, 35-47, 2007
Fukui, Y., Kosugi, Y., Matsuo, N., Takanashi, S., Tani, M.: Comparison of wate use of various trees grown in several different habitats. J. Japan Soc. Hydrol. & Water Resour 20, 265-277, 2007 (Japanese)
Takanashi, S., Kosugi, Y., Matsuo, N., Tani, M., and Ohte, N.: Patchy stomatal behavior in broad-leaved trees grown in different habitats. Tree Physiology 26, 1565-1578, 2006
Konishi, S., Tani, M., Kosugi, Y., Takanashi, S., Sahat, M.M., Abdul Rahim, N., Niiyama, K., Okuda, T.: Characteristics of spatial distribution of throughfall in a lowland tropical rainforest, Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 224, 19-25, 2006
Takanashi, S., Kosugi, Y., Tani, M., Matsuo, N., Mitani, T., Abdul Rahim N., Characteristics of the gas exchange of a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Phyton 45, 61-66, 2005
Roberts, J.M., Tani, M. et al.: Controls on evaporation in lowland tropical rainforest. Bonell et al. (eds.) Forest, water and People in the Humid Tropics, Cambridge Press, 287-313, 2005
Noguchi, S., Abdul Rahim N., Tani, M.: Rainfall characteristics of tropical rainforest at Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia. In: Okuda, T. et al (Eds.), Pasoh : Ecology of a lowland rain forest in southeast Asia, Springer, Tokyo, 51-58, 2003
Tani, M., Abdul Rahim N, Noguchi, S..et al: Characteristics of energy exchange and surface conductance of a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Okuda, T. et al (Eds.), Pasoh : Ecology of a lowland rain forest in southeast Asia, Springer, Tokyo, 73-88, 2003
Yasuda, Y., Ohtani, Y., Watanabe, T., Okano, M., Yokota, T., Liang, N., Tang, Y., Abdul Rahim N., Tani, M., Okuda, T.: Measurement of CO2 flux above a tropical rain forest at Pasoh in Peninsular Malaysia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 114, 235-244, 2003
Ohtani, Y., Okano, M., Tani, M., Yamanoi, T., Watanabe, T., Yasuda, Y., Abdul Rahim N.: Energy and CO2 fluxes above a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. J Agric Meteorol 52, 453-456, 1997