PFS: Palampur Flux Site
General site details
| Site name | Palampur Flux Site |
|---|---|
| AsiaFlux site code | PFS |
| Location | Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India |
| Position | 32° 06’ N, 76°35’ E |
| Elevation | 932.15 meter above mean sea level (GPS) |
| Slope | Flat |
| Terrain type | Agricultural land |
| Area | |
| Fetch | 200 m |
| Climate | Humid subtropical climate (Cwa) |
| Mean annual air temperature | 16.8°C |
| Mean annual precipitation | 1578 mm |
| Vegetation type | Cropland |
| Dominant Species (Overstory) | Rice (Oryza sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
| Dominant Species (Understory) | N/A |
| Canopy height | 3 m (Sugarcane), 1m (Wheat) |
| Age | Sugarcane: Plant – 300 – 350 days Ratoon- 200 – 215 days Wheat: 100 – 140 days |
| LAI | 5.6 |
| Soil type | Silty loam |
Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
| System | Open-path system |
|---|---|
| Wind speed | Integrated CO2/H2O Open-path gas analyzer with 3D Sonic Anemometer (IRGASON-EB-IC, Campbell Scientic) |
| Air temperature | Integrated CO2/H2O Open-path gas analyzer with 3D Sonic Anemometer (IRGASON-EB-IC, Campbell Scientic) |
| Water vapor | Integrated CO2/H2O Open-path gas analyzer with 3D Sonic Anemometer (IRGASON-EB-IC, Campbell Scientic) |
| CO2 | Integrated CO2/H2O Open-path gas analyzer with 3D Sonic Anemometer (IRGASON-EB-IC, Campbell Scientic) |
| Measurement height | 3.0 m |
| Sampling frequency | 10 Hz |
| Averaging time | 30 min |
| Data logger | CR-3000, Campbell, USA |
| Data storage | Compact Flash Card |
| Original data | Raw data |
Meteorology
| Observation items | Levels/Depth | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Global solar radiation (incoming) | 3.0 m above the surface | CNR4- 4 component Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen, The Netherlands) |
| Global solar radiation (outgoing) | 3.0 m above the surface | CNR4- 4 component Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen, The Netherlands) |
| Long-wave radiation (incoming) | 3.0 m above the surface | CNR4- 4 component Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen, The Netherlands) |
| Long-wave radiation (outgoing) | 3.0 m above the surface | CNR4- 4 component Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen, The Netherlands) |
| Net radiation | 3.0 m above the surface | CNR4- 4 component Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen, The Netherlands) |
| PPFD (incoming) | 3.0 m above the surface | LI-190SL Qunatum Sensor (LICOR) |
| Air temperature | HC2S3- Rotronic Hygroclip2 Temperature/relative Humidity Probe | |
| Humidity | HC2S3- Rotronic Hygroclip2 Temperature/relative Humidity Probe | |
| Soil temperature | -5 cm, - 7.5 cm and -15 cm | CS650-Soil moisture and temperature sensor (Campbell Scientific) |
| Soil heat flux | -5 cm, - 7.5 cm and -15 cm | Heat flux plate (HFP01, Hukseflux The Netherlands ) |
| Soil water content | -5 cm, - 7.5 cm and -15 cm | CS650-Soil moisture and temperature sensor (Campbell Scientific) |
| Wind speed | 3.0 m above the surface | Integrated CO2/H2O Open-Path Gas analyzer with 3-D sonic anemometer (IRGASON-EB-IC, Campbell Scientific) |
| Wind direction | 3.0 m above the surface | Integrated CO2/H2O Open-Path Gas analyzer with 3-D sonic anemometer (IRGASON-EB-IC, Campbell Scientific) |
| Precipitation | 1 m above the surface | CS700-L: Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge |
| CO2 concentration | 3.0 m above the surface | Integrated CO2/H2O Open-Path Gas analyzer with 3-D sonic anemometer (IRGASON-EB-IC, Campbell Scientific) |
Other
| Photosynthesis | - |
| Ecological Investigation | Leaf Area Index (ACCUPAR-Model LP80, Decagon Devices, USA), Surface Temperature (FLIR Thermal Camera), Soil moisture content (ML3-ThetaProbe Soil Moisture Sensor) Biomass, Yield |
Observation Period and Data Availability
| Measurement Period | December 2016 – till date |
|---|---|
| Measurement Frequency | Continuous |
| Data Availability |
Contact
Dr. N.R. Patel
Email: nrpatel@iirs.gov.in; pnatoo@gmail.com
Project Investigator, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ISRO, Govt. of India,
4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
Tel: +91-135-2524138
Shweta Pokhariyal
Email: shwetap@iirs.gov.in; shwetapokhariyal6@gmail.com
Research Scholar, Agriculture & Soils Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ISRO, Govt. of India,
4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun- 248001 India.
Tel: +91-135-2524142
Technical Advisor
Dr. R. P. Singh
Email: rpsingh@iirs.gov.in
Director, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ISRO, Govt. of India, 4, Kalidas
Road, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
Tel: +91-135-2524101
Field Investigator
Dr. R. S. Rana
Email: ranars66@gmail.com
Programme Director, Centre for Geo-Informatics, Research & Training
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Palampur - 176062 , Himachal Pradesh, India
Infrastructure
Eddy Covariance System
Electric Power: Batteries (DC12V) +50 Watt Solar Power
Facilities for communication, Security (Yes)
Research Fund
Indian Space Research Organization Climate & Atmospheric Programme (CAP) project
Publication
Pokhariyal, S., Patel, N. R., Rana, R. S., & Chauhan, P. (2021). Environmental impact of lockdown amid COVID-19 over
agricultural sites in Himalayan foothills. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 49, 1651-1659.
Gopal, A. S., Pokhariyal, S., Patel, N. R., Rana, R. S. & Singh, R. P. (2025). Satellite-derived gross primary productivity estimation in hill agriculture over rice–wheat cropping systems using the vegetation photosynthesis model. Modeling of Earth Systems and Environment 11 (6), 420