MKH: Muka Head Station
General site details
| Site name | Muka Head Station |
|---|---|
| AsiaFlux site code | MKH |
| Location | Pinang Island, Peninsular Malaysia |
| Position | 5°28'06″ N, 100°12'01″ E |
| Elevation | 5.6 m above sea level |
| Slope | - |
| Terrain type | Seawater surface |
| Area | 6.25 ha |
| Fetch | 100-500 m |
| Climate | Tropical rain (Af) |
| Mean annual air temperature | 28.1 ℃ (2019-2020) |
| Mean annual precipitation | 2388 mm (2019-2020) |
| Vegetation type | Coastal water |
| Dominant Species (Overstory) | - |
| Dominant Species (Understory) | - |
| Canopy height | - |
| Age | - |
| LAI | - |
| Soil type | - |
Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
| System | Open-path system (CO2 flux, latent heat flux) |
|---|---|
| Wind speed | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer (model 81000V, RM Young, USA) |
| Air temperature | Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive hygrometer (HMP-155, Vaisala, Finland) |
| Water vapor | Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7500, LI-COR) |
| CO2 | Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7500, LI-COR) |
| Measurement height | 4.1 m above the water surface |
| Sampling frequency | 10 Hz |
| Averaging time | 30 min. |
| Data logger | LI-7550 Analyzer Interface Unit, LI-COR, Inc., USA |
| Data storage | PC |
| Original data | Raw data |
Meteorology
| Observation items | Levels/Depth | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Global solar radiation (incoming) | 4.1 m above the water surface | Pyranometer (LI-200SL, LI-COR, USA) |
| Net radiation | 4.1 m above the water surface | Net Radiometer (NR Lite 2, Kipp & Zonen, Netherlands) |
| Air temperature | 4.1 m above the water surface | Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive hygrometer (HMP-155, Vaisala, Finland) |
| Humidity | 4.1 m above the water surface | Platinum resistance thermometer and capacitive hygrometer (HMP-155, Vaisala, Finland) |
| Wind speed | 4.1 m above the water surface | Sonic anemometer (RM81000, Young, USA) |
| Wind direction | 4.1 m above the water surface | Sonic anemometer (RM81000, Young, USA) |
| Barometric pressure | 4.1 m above the water surface | Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7500, LI-COR) |
| CO2 concentration | 4.1 m above the water surface | Open-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-7500, LI-COR) |
Observation Period and Data Availability
| Measurement Period | January 2016 to December 2016 |
|---|---|
| Measurement Frequency | Continuous |
| Data Availability | 2016 in AsiaFlux Database |
Contact
Yusri Yusup (yusriy[at]usm.my)
Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS)
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
Tel: +604-653-5201
URL: https://atmosfera.usm.my (Updated February 27, 2025)
Infrastructure
Platform, Electrical power (AC), Facilities for communication (internet and cellular), Accommodation (hostel)
Research Fund
The Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Research University Grant (1001/PTEKIND/811316)
Calibration Information
Open-path analyzers were calibrated approximately every year with standard CO2 gases and a dew point generator (LI-7500, LI-COR).
Publication
Yusup, Y., Kayode, J. S., and Alkarkhi, A. F. M. 2018. Data on micrometeorological parameters and energy fluxes at an intertidal zone of a tropical coastal ocean. Data in Brief, 21, 13-17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.108