KMW: Kog-Ma Wateshed
General site details
| Site name | Kog-Ma Wateshed |
|---|---|
| AsiaFlux site code | KMW |
| Location | ChiangMai Province, Thailand |
| Position | 18º 48'N, 98º 54'E (WGS84, GPS) |
| Elevation | 1265-1420 m above sea level (WGS84, GPS) |
| Slope | N/A |
| Terrain type | mountainous |
| Area | 8.63ha (an area of a sub-watershed within which the tower is located) |
| Fetch | N/A |
| Climate | Humid-subtropical (Cwa) |
| Mean annual air temperature | 19.9 degree C |
| Mean annual precipitation | 1756 mm (1997 to 2005) |
| Vegetation type | Tropical mountain forest (Hill evergreen forest) |
| Dominant Species (Overstory) | Betula alnoides, Castanopsis acurinatissima, C.diversifolia, C.tribuloides. |
| Dominant Species (Understory) | N/A |
| Canopy height | 25 - 40 m |
| Age | N/A |
| LAI | 3.5 - 4.5 |
| Soil type | Reddish Brown Lateritic (Tangtham, 1974) Sandy clay loam (Tropohumults Ultisols) (Chunkao et al. 1981) 3.0 m |
Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
| System | open-path system |
|---|---|
| Wind speed | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer-thermometer<br>(USA-1, METEK, Germany) |
| Air temperature | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer-thermometer<br>(USA-1, METEK) |
| Water vapor | Open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI-7500, LICOR, USA) |
| CO2 | Open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI-7500, LICOR, USA) |
| Measurement height | 40.2 m |
| Sampling frequency | 10 Hz |
| Averaging time | 30 min |
| Data logger | CR5000, Campbell |
| Data storage | CF |
| Original data | Raw data |
Meteorology
| Observation items | Levels/Depth | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Global solar radiation(incoming) | 50.5 m | Pyranometer (MS-801, EKO, Japan; CM-21, Kipp & Zonen, Netherlands) |
| Global solar radiation (outgoing) | 43.4 m | Pyranometer (MS-42, EKO; CM-21, Kipp & Zonen) |
| Long-wave radiation(outgoing) | 50.5 m | Pyrgeometer (MS-201F, EKO; PIR, Epply) |
| Long-wave radiation(outgoing) | 43.4 m | Pyrgeometer (MS-201F, EKO; PIR, Epply) |
| Net radiation | - | |
| PPFD (incoming) | - | |
| PPFD (outgoing) | - | |
| Direct / diffuse radiation | - | |
| Direct / diffuse PPFD | - | |
| Air temperature | 43.4, 2 m 43.7 m 31.2, 21.4, 11.7, 1.5m |
Capacitive hygrometer (HMP35A, HMP45D, Vaisala) Ventilated wet and dry bulb hygrometer (MH-020S, EKO) |
| Humidity | 43.4, 2 m 43.7 m |
Capacitive hygrometer (HMP35A, HMP45D, Vaisala) Ventilated wet and dry bulb hygrometer (MH-020S, EKO) |
| Soil temperature | -0.05, -0.1, -0.3 m | CT-UU-A10-2A, Vaisala |
| Soil heat flux | -0.01, -0.1 m | MF81, EKO |
| Soil water content | -0.1, -0.19, -0.275, -0.38, -0.48 | TDR (CS615; Campbell, USA) |
| Wind speed | 50.3, 43.4, 39.7 -> 25, 34m | 3cup anemometer (AC750, MAKINO, Japan) |
| Wind direction | 50.1 m | Wind vane (VR036, MAKINO) |
| Barometric pressure | 2 m | PTB101, Vaisla |
| Precipitation | 1 m | Tipping bucket (No.34-T; OHTA KEIKI, Japan) |
| CO2 concentration | 40, 31.2, 21.4, 11.7, 1.5 m | Closed-path infrared gas analyzer (LI-800, LI- COR, USA) (Occasional measurement) |
Other
| Soil respiration | Closed dynamic chamber method (LI6262, LI-COR) |
| Photosynthesis | Occasionally with LCA-4 (Analytical Development Company Ltd.) [Tanaka K. et al., 2003] |
| Ecological investigation | Wood increment with dendro-band |
| Methane (CH4) | - |
| Nitrous oxide (NO2) | - |
Observation Period and Data Availability
| Measurement Period | from February 1997 to present |
|---|---|
| Measurement Frequency | Continuous |
| Data Availability | N/A |
Contact
Masakazu SUZUKI (suzuki [at] fr.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp)
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo Yayoi1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
Tel:+81-3-5841-5214 /Fax:+81-3-5841-5464
Nobuaki TANAKA (tanaka [at] fr.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp)
University Forest in Aichi, University of Tokyo11-44 Goizuka, Seto City, Aichi 489-0031 JAPAN
Tel: +81-561-82-2371 Fax: 0561-85-2838
Natsuko YOSHIFUJI (natsuko [at] fr.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp)
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo Yayoi1-1-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
Tel:+81-3-5841-5214 /Fax:+81-3-5841-5464
Chatchai TANTASIRIN (fforcct [at] ku.ac.th)
Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart UniversityChatujak, Bangkok 10900,
ThailandTel: +66-84-000-7122
Katsunori TANAKA (ktanakaimage [at] jamstec.go.jp)
Frontier Research Center for Global Change3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 JAPAN
Tel: +81-45-778-5547 Fax: +81-45-778-5706
Infrastructure
Tower, Accommodation (available)
Research Fund
GEWEX/GAME-T (1996-2001)
Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) Project by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) “Effects of rainfall variability on water cycle and ecosystem in tropical forest under Asian monsoon climate” (2003-2008)
Publication
Hashimoto, S. Tanaka, N. Suzuki, M. Inoue, A. Takizawa, H. Kosaka, I. Tanaka, K. Tantasirin, C. Tangtham, N. (2004) Soil respiration and soil CO2 concentration in a tropical forest, Thailand. Journal of Forest Research, 9, 75-79.
Hashimoto, S., Tanaka, N., Kume, T., Yoshifuji, N., Hotta, N., Tanaka, K., Suzuki, M. (2007) Seasonality of vertically partitioned soil CO2 production in temperate and tropical forest. Journal of Forest Reserch, 12, 209-221.
Komatsu, H., Yoshida, N., Takizawa, H., Kosaka, I., Tantasirin, C., Suzuki, M. (2003) Seasonal trend in the occurrence of nocturnal drainage flow on a forested slope under a tropical monsoon climate. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 106, 573-592.
Komatsu, H., Hotta, N., Kuraji, K., Suzuki, M., Oki, T. (2005) Classification of vertical wind speed profiles observed above a sloping forest at nighttime using the bulk Richardson number. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 115, 205-221.
Kosaka, I., Takizawa, H., Tanaka, K., Tantasirin, C., Suzuki, M., Tsukamoto, Y. (2004) Characteristics of Turbulence Components above a Hill Evergreen Forest in Tropical Region. J. Japan Soc. Hydrol. & Water Resour., 17(2), 123-133. (in Japanese, with English abstract)
Kume, T., Takizawa, H., Yoshifuji, N., Tanaka, K., Tantasirin, C., Tanaka, N., Suzuki, M. (2007) Impact of soil drought on sap flow and water status of evergreen trees in a tropical monsoon forest in northern Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management, 238, 220-230, DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.019.
Tanaka, K., Takizawa, H., Tanaka, N., Kosaka, I., Yoshifuji, N., Tantasirin, C., Piman, S., Suzuki, M., Tangtham, N. (2003) Transpiration peak over a hill evergreen forest in northern Thailand in the late dry season: Assessing the seasonal change in evapotranspiration using a multilayer model. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 108(D17), 4533. DOI: 10.1029/2002JD003028.
Tanaka, K., Takizawa, H., Kume, T., Xu, J., Tantasirin, C., Suzuki, M. (2004) The impact of rooting depth and soil hydraulic properties on the transpiration peak of an evergreen forest in northern Thailand in the late dry season. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere, 109(D23), D23107. DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004865.
Tanaka, N., Tantasirin, C., Kuraji, K., Suzuki, M., Tangthan, N. (2005) Inter-annual variation in rainfall interception at a hill evergreen forest in northern Thailand. Bulletin of the Tokyo University Forests, 113, 11-44.