KHW: Kahoku Experiment watershed (KHEW)
General site details
| Site name | Kahoku Experiment watershed (KHEW) |
|---|---|
| AsiaFlux site code | KHW |
| Location | Kahoku, Yamaga-city, Kumamoto pref., Japan |
| Position | 33º 08' 13.3" N, 130º 42' 34.3" E (World Geodetic System 1984, Geographical map published from Geographical Survey Institute, Japan) |
| Elevation | about 165 m above sea level (World Geodetic System 1984, Geographical map published from Geographical Survey Institute, Japan) |
| Slope | 16 deg (average) |
| Terrain type | Rolling terrain |
| Area | 12.7ha |
| Fetch | 120 to 140m |
| Climate | warm temperate, Cfa |
| Mean annual air temperature | 15.3 deg (2000-2007) |
| Mean annual precipitation | 2130 mm (2000-2007) |
| Vegetation type | Planted coniferous forest |
| Dominant Species (Overstory) | Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) |
| Dominant Species (Understory) | Evergreen Quercus and Castanopsis trees |
| Canopy height | 10 - 35 m |
| Age | 48-55 years (Sugi), 32-55 years (Hinoki) |
| LAI | 3.6 to 5.2 |
| Soil type | N/A |
Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
| System | Closed-path system (CO2 flux), Open-path system (H2O, CO2 flux) |
|---|---|
| Wind speed | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer-thermometer (DA600-3T KAIJO, Japan) |
| Air temperature | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer-thermometer<br>(DA600-3T KAIJO, Japan) |
| Water vapor | Open-path (LI-7500, LI-COR, USA), |
| CO2 | Closed-path (LI-7000, LI-COR, USA) |
| Measurement height | 51.0 m |
| Sampling frequency | 10 Hz |
| Averaging time | 30 min |
| Data logger | DR-M3a, TEAC, Japan |
| Data storage | MO |
| Original data | Raw data |
Meteorology
| Observation items | Levels/Depth | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Global solar radiation(incoming) | 47.2 m | Pyranometer (CM14, Kipp & Zonen, Netherland) |
| Global solar radiation (outgoing) |
47.2 m | Pyranometer (CM14, Kipp & Zonen, Netherland) |
| Long-wave radiation(incoming) |
47.2 m | Infrared radiometer (CNR1, Kipp & Zonen, Netherland) |
| Long-wave radiation(outgoing) | 47.2 m | Infrared radiometer (CNR1, Kipp & Zonen, Netherland) |
| Net radiation | 47.2 m | Net radiometer (NR-LITE, Kipp & Zonen, Netherland) |
| PPFD (incoming) | 47.2 m | Quantum sensor (LI-190, LI-COR, USA) |
| PPFD (outgoing) | 47.2 m | Quantum sensor (LI-190, LI-COR, USA) |
| Direct / diffuse radiation | 51.0 m | Pyranometer (CM3, Kipp & Zonen, Netherland) with shadow-band (PSB-100, Prede, Japan) |
| Direct / diffuse PPFD | - | |
| Air temperature | 51.0, 41.5, 34.0, 22.0, 10.5m | Platinum resistance thermometer (HMP35C, VAISALA, Finland) |
| Humidity | 51.0, 41.5, 34.0, 22.0, 10.5m | Capacitive hygrometer (HMP45D, VAISALA, Finland), Wet bulb temperature (ML-020L, Eko, Japan) |
| Soil temperature | 0.05 m | Thermistor (HOBO S-TMB-002, Onset, USA) |
| Soil heat flux | 0.02 m | Heat flow transducer (HFT-3.1, REBS, USA) |
| Soil water content | 0.05 m | Capacitance prove (ECH2O, Decagon Devises, USA) |
| Wind speed | 51.0 m | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer- thermometer (DA600, KAIJO, Japan) |
| Wind direction | 51.0 m | Three-dimensional sonic anemometer- thermometer (DA600, KAIJO, Japan) |
| Barometric pressure | 51.0 m | Barometric pressure sensor (PTB210, VAISALA, Finland) |
| Precipitation | 1.5 m | Rain gauge: 0.5mm tipping bucket (RT-5, Ikeda Keiki, Japan) |
| CO2 concentration | 44.2, 38.5, 33.5, 27.0, 20.2, 13.5, 6.8, 1.0 m | Closed-path CO2/H2O analyzer (LI-6262, LI-COR, USA) |
Other
| Soil respiration | Continuous |
| Ecological investigation | Tree heights, stand density, diameter: 9 plot sampling in 1999. LAI: once a month (LAI-2000, LI-COR, USA). |
| Hydrological investigation | Runoff from the watershed (V-notch and float flow meter) |
| Sap flow measurement | Granier sensors (handmade) |
Observation Period and Data Availability
| Measurement Period | April 1999 to present |
|---|---|
| Measurement Frequency | Continuous |
| Data Availability | N/A |
Contact
Kenzo Kitamura (kitamu93 [at] ffpri.affrc.go.jp) Takanori Shimizu (simizuta [at] ffpri.affrc.go.jp) Kyushu Hagino (hagin [at] ffpri.affrc.go.jp) Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan Tel:+81-298-873-3211 Fax:+81-298-874-3720
Others
Yasuko Mizoguchi (pop128 [at] ffpri.affrc.go.jp)
Koji Tamai (a123 [at] ffpri.affrc.go.jp)
Infrastructure
Tower, Electrical power (100V AC 60Hz)
Research Fund
Research grant #199903 (1999-2002) of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
Research grant #200303 (2003-2005) of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
"Evaluation, Adaptation and Mitigation of Global Warming in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries：Research and Development" by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (2006-present)
"Long-term Monitoring of Carbon Flux and Promotion of Data Network in Asian Terrestrial Ecosystems" by Ministry of Environment, Japan (2007- present)
Global Environment Research Account for National Institutes, Ministry of the Environment of Japan
Publication
Ishizuka S., Sakata T., Sawata S., Ikeda S., Sakai H., Takenaka C., Tamai N., Onodera S., Shimizu T., Kan-na K., Tanaka N., Takahashi M.: 2009, Methane uptake rates in Japanese forest soils depend on the oxidation ability of topsoil, with a new estimate for global methane uptake in temperate forest7, Biogeochemistry, 92(3):281-295
Kumagai T., Tateishi M., Shimizu T., Otsuki K.: 2008, Transpiration and canopy conductance at two slope positions in a Japanese cedar forest watershed, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148(10):1444-1455
Kobayashi M., Shimizu T.: 2007, Soil water repellency in a Japanese cypress plantation restricts increases in soil water storage during rainfall events, Hydrological Processes, 21(17): 2356-2364
Shimizu, T.: 2007, ‘Practical applicability of high frequency correction theories to CO2 flux measured by a closed-path system’, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 122, 437-438.
Kumagai, T., Aoki, S., Shimizu, T. and Otsuki, K.: 2007, ‘Sap flow estimates of stand transpiration at two different slope positions in a Japanese cedar forest watershed’, Tree Physiology, 27, 161-168.
Ishizuka, S., Sakata, T., Sawata, S., Ikeda, S., Takenaka, C., Tamai, N., Sakai, H., Shimizu, T., Kan-na, K., Onodera, S., Tanaka, N. and Takahashi, M.: 2006, ‘High potential for increase in CO2 flux from forest soil surface due to global warming in cooler areas of Japan’, Annals Forest Science, 63, 537-546.
Shimizu, T.: 2005, 'Kahoku Experimental Watershed - The Southernmost Observation Site of FFPRI FLUXNET -' , Asiaflux Newsletter, 13, 9-10.
Shimizu A., Shimizu, T., Miyabuchi, Y. and Ogawa, Y.: 2003, ‘Evapotranspiration and runoff in a forest watershed, western Japan’, Hydrological Processes 17, 3125-3139.AsiaFlux Newsletter Articles