DTP: Degraded Tropical Peatland
General site details
| Site name | Degraded Tropical Peatland |
|---|---|
| AsiaFlux site code | DTP |
| Location | Kampar Peninsula, Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia |
| Position | 0°41'58.169" N, 102°47'35.898" E |
| Elevation | ~6.6m above mean sea level |
| Slope | <0.05° from the South to the North direction |
| Terrain type | Flat |
| Area | >15km2 |
| Fetch | Minimum 3km |
| Climate | Tropical rain forest (Tropical-Fully humid (Af)) |
| Mean annual air temperature | 27 ± 1℃ (Oct 2016 to Sep 2020) |
| Mean annual precipitation | 1767mm (Oct 2016 to Sep 2020) |
| Vegetation type | Tropical peat swamp forest |
| Dominant Species (Overstory) | Syzygium claviflorum, Shorea teysmanniana, Stemonurus secundiflorus, Blumeodendron kurzii, Horsfieldia crassifolia and Macaranga pruinosa |
| Dominant Species (Understory) | Dicranopteris linearis, Nepenthes spp., Pandanus sp and Cytrostachys renda |
| Canopy height | 19 ± 6m |
| Age | - |
| LAI | - |
| Soil type | Peat soil; contains ~99% organic material with carbon content of ~50% |
Observation
Eddy Covariance method (CO2)
| System | Both enclosed-path (LI-7200) and closed-path (LI-8100) CO2 analyzers are calibrated every three months using ultra high- purity nitrogen as the zero-point gas for CO2 and reference gases with concentration of 396ppm CO2 in air (certified grade ± 1ppm) |
|---|---|
| Wind speed | Windmaster Pro Anemometer, 3-Axis Ultrasonic Anemometer (7900-415-50, Gill instruments Ltd, UK) |
| Air temperature | Windmaster Pro Anemometer, 3-Axis Ultrasonic Anemometer (7900-415-50, Gill instruments Ltd, UK) |
| Water vapor | Enclosed path CO2/H2O Analyzer (LI-7200, LI-COR Inc. USA) |
| CO2 | Enclosed path CO2/H2O Analyzer (LI-7200, LI-COR Inc. USA) |
| Measurement height | 43.2 m |
| Sampling frequency | 10 Hz |
| Averaging time | 30 Min |
| Data logger | Analyzer Interface Unit (AIU) (LI-7550, LI-COR Inc. USA) |
| Data storage | Removable flash disk (APRO, Industrial Grade USB Flash Disk) |
| Original data | Raw data at 10 Hz frequency |
Meteorology
| Observation items | Levels/Depth | Instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Short-wave radiation (outgoing) | 41 m | CNR4 net radiometer (150471, Kipp & Zonen Inc. Netherlands) |
| Short-wave radiation (incoming) | 41 m | CNR4 net radiometer (150471, Kipp & Zonen Inc. Netherlands) |
| Long-wave radiation (incoming) | 41 m | CNR4 net radiometer (150471, Kipp & Zonen Inc. Netherlands) |
| Long-wave radiation (outgoing) | 41 m | CNR4 net radiometer (150471, Kipp & Zonen Inc. Netherlands) |
| Net radiation (balance of short-wave and long-wave radiation) | 41 m | CNR4 net radiometer (150471, Kipp & Zonen Inc. Netherlands) |
| Photosynthetic photon flux density | 41 m | Quantum sensors (LI-190SL-50, LI-COR Inc. USA) |
| Direct/diffuse radiation | N/A | N/A |
| Direct/diffuse PPFD | N/A | N/A |
| Air temperature | 3, 7, 14, 21, 40 m | Humidity & Temperature Probe (HMP155, Vaisala Inc. Finland) |
| Relative humidity | 3, 7, 14, 21, 40 m | Humidity & Temperature Probe (HMP155, Vaisala Inc. Finland) |
| Soil temperature | -1.5 m | Solinst Levelogger 529 Model 3001 |
| Soil heat flux | -0.15 m | Self-calibrating heat flux sensor (HFP01SC, Hukseflux) |
| Soil water content | N/A | N/A |
| Wind speed | 43.2 m | Windmaster Pro Anemometer, 3-Axis Ultrasonic Anemometer (7900-415-50, Gill instruments Ltd, UK) |
| Wind direction | 43.2 m | Windmaster Pro Anemometer, 3-Axis Ultrasonic Anemometer (7900-415-50, Gill instruments Ltd, UK) |
| Atmospheric pressure | 43.2 m | Enclosed path CO2/H2O Analyzer (LI-7200, LI-COR Inc. USA) |
| Precipitation | 1.5 m | Manual rain gauge bucket (NETA, 250 mm, 10 inch) |
| CO2 concentration | 3, 14, 21, 40 m | Closed path CO2 Analyzer (LI-8100, LI- COR Inc. USA) |
Fluxes of non-CO2 gases
| Gas | CH4 , N2 O |
| Method | CH4 (Open Path CH4 analyzer LI-7700 LI-COR Inc. USA), N2 O (Manual ground chamber based, using gas chromatograph - SRI® 8610C, USA) |
| Measurement height | CH4 (43.2m), N2 O (measurements at peat surface) |
| Data logger | CH4 (LI-7550 Analyzer Interface Unit (AIU) LI-COR Inc. USA) |
| Data storage | Removable flash disk (APRO, Industrial Grade USB Flash Disk) |
| Chamber size of N2O | Volume: 6.750 cm3, Chamber Dimensions: 30cm (L) x 15cm (W) x 15cm (H) |
Other
| Soil respiration | - |
| Photosynthesis | No |
| Ecological Investigation | Tree diameter at breast height, tree stand density, micro- topography, litter fall inputs, Bulk density, N, P, K and C concentrations |
| Peat subsidence | Manual subsidence poles using perforated 5cm diameter hollow PVC pipes, inserted vertically into the peat and anchored into underlying mineral subsoil, measurements frequency: Quarterly |
| Groundwater level | Automated groundwater level logger (Solinst Levelogger Model 3001), placed inside a perforated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, measurements frequency: 30 min. |
Observation Period and Data Availability
| Measurement Period | October 2016 to present |
|---|---|
| Measurement Frequency | Continuous (10Hz, 30 minutes averaged) |
| Data Availability | N/A |
Contact
Chandra Shekhar Deshmukh (Chandra_Deshmukh[at]aprilasia.com) Asia Pacific Resources International Limited (APRIL), Jl. Lintas Timur, Pangkalan Kerinci, Kabupaten Pelalawan Riau 28300, Indonesia
Infrastructure
40m tall walk-up galvanized steal tower, Solar cell electrical power (DC), Accommodation (Solar battery house and Guest gazebo), Security house, Telecommunication signal available
Research Fund
Asia Pacific Resources International Limited (APRIL) https://www.aprilasia.com/en/
Calibration Information
Both enclosed-path (LI-7200) and closed-path (LI-8100) CO2 analyzers are calibrated every three months using ultra high- purity nitrogen as the zero-point gas for CO2 and reference gases with concentration of 396ppm CO2 in air (certified grade ± 1ppm)
Publication
Deshmukh, C. S., Julius, D., Evans, C. D., Nardi, Susanto, A. P.,
Page, S. E., Gauci, V., Lauren, A., Sabiham, S., Agus, F.,
Asyhari, A., Kurnianto, S., Suardiwerianto, Y., & Desai, A. R. (2019)
Impact of forest plantation on methane emissions from tropical
peatland. Global Change Biology, 24(9),
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15019
Deshmukh, C. S., Julius, D., Desai, A. R., Asyhari, A., Page, S. E.,
Nardi, Susanto, A. P., Nurholis, Hendrizal, M., Kurnianto, S.,
Suardiwerianto, Y., Salam, Y. W., Agus, F., Astiani, D., Sabiham,
S., Gauci, V. & Evans, C.D. (2021). Conservation slows down
emission increase from a tropical peatland in Indonesia. Nature
Geoscience,https://rdcu.be/cnL8u
or https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00785-2